Malay language.html



The Malay language (ISO 639-1 code: ms)¹² is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra, the Riau Islands and parts of the coast of Borneo.³.

Malay is an official language of Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore. In Indonesia and East Timor, the language is formally referred to as Bahasa Indonesia, which literally translates as "Indonesian language." It is also called Bahasa Kebangsaan (National Language) and Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu (Unifying Language) in Indonesia. In Malaysia, the language is now officially known as Bahasa Malaysia, ("Malaysian language".) Singapore, Brunei and southern Thailand refer to the language as Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language").

In Malaysia, the term Bahasa Malaysia, which was introduced by the National Language Act of 1967, was in use until the 1990s, when most academics and government officials reverted to "Bahasa Melayu," used in the Malay version of the Federal Constitution. According to Article 152 of the Federal Constitution, Bahasa Melayu is the official language of Malaysia. "Bahasa Kebangsaan" (National Language) was also used at one point during the 1970s.

Indonesia pronounced Malay its official language when it gained independence, calling it Bahasa Indonesia. However, the language had been used as the lingua franca throughout the archipelago since the 15th century. Since 1928, nationalists and young people throughout the Indonesian archipelago have declared it to be Indonesia's only official language, as proclaimed in the Sumpah Pemuda "Youth Vow."

Indonesian and Malay are separated by some centuries of different vocabulary development. Indonesian is distinct by its vocabulary from Malay as spoken in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, where the language is known simply as Bahasa Melayu. Bahasa Melayu is defined as Brunei's official language in the country's 1959 Constitution.

Some Malay dialects, however, show only limited mutual intelligibility with the standard language; for example, Kelantanese pronunciation is difficult even for some Malaysians to understand, while Indonesian has a lot of words unique to it that are unfamiliar to other speakers of Malay who are not from Indonesia.

The language spoken by the Peranakan (Straits Chinese, a hybrid of Chinese settlers from the Ming Dynasty and local Malays) is a unique patois of Malay and the Chinese Hokkien dialect, which is mostly spoken in the former Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca.

History

Main article: Old Malay

The history of the Malay language can be divided into four periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period, and Late Modern Malay.

Old Malay is unintelligible to a speaker of modern Malay. It was heavily influenced by Sanskrit, the lingua franca of Hinduism and Buddhism. The earliest known inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra, written in Pallava Script⁴ and dates back to 7th century - known as Kedukan Bukit Inscription, it was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November, 1920, at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the River Tatang, a tributary of the River Musi. It is a small stone of 45 by 80 cm.

The Malay language came into widespread use as the trade language of the Sultanate of Malacca (1402 – 1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly from influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Persian and later Hindi vocabularies. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognizable to speakers of modern Malay.

Classification and related languages

See also: Austronesian languages#Cross-linguistic Comparison Chart

Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this linguistic family.

Malay belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family, which includes the Languages of the Philippines and Malagasy, which is further subdivided into Outer Hesperonesian languages and Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian of which Malay is a member. Malay's closest relatives therefore include Javanese, Acehnese, Chamorro and Palauan.

Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common Austronesian ancestor. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.

Writing system

Main article: Malay alphabet

Malay is normally written using Latin alphabet called Rumi, although a modified Arabic script called Jawi also exists. Rumi is official in Malaysia and Singapore, and Indonesian has a different official orthography also using the Latin script. Rumi and Jawi are co-official in Brunei. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script and to revive its use amongst Malays in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examination in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi script. The Latin alphabet, however, is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.

Historically, Malay has been written using various types of script. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using Pallava, Kawi and Rencong script and are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Sultanate of Malacca, Jawi gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region.

The undecifered inscription on the Singapore Stone is thought to be in Malay.^{citation needed}

Extent of use and dialects

The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Bahasa Melayu is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia, and became the sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.

In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the national anthem, Majulah Singapura, is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.

Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand — a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani — speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.

Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines, Malay words — such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious) — have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages.

By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor, which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'.)

Besides Bahasa Indonesia, which developed from the Riau dialect, there are many Malay dialects spoken in Indonesia [1], divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay is predominantly spoken in Sumatra, and known as Sumatran dialects, such as: Riau, Langkat, Palembang and Jambi. Minangkabau and Bengkulu are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi) also belongs to the western Malay group.

The eastern dialects are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include: Manado dialect [2] (in north Sulawesi) and Maluku, North Maluku and Papua dialects.

The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example the word 'kita' means "we, us" in western, but means "I, me" in Manado, whereas "we, us" in Manado is 'torang' and Ambon 'katong' (originally abbreviated from Malay 'kita orang' (means "we people"). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb 'pe' and Ambon 'pu' (from Malay 'punya', meaning "to have") to mark possession. So "my name" and "our house" are translated in western Malay as 'namaku' and 'rumah kita' but 'kita pe nama' and 'torang pe rumah' in Manado and 'beta pu nama', 'katong pu rumah' in Ambon dialect.

The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example Malaysian pronounce 'kita' as /kitə/, Riau /kita/, Palembang /kito/ and Betawi as /kitɛ/.

Betawi and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.

Sample of some major Malay dialects

English = Where are you going on the bicycle? May I follow you?

• Standard Malay (formal) = Ke mana anda hendak pergi dengan basikal itu? Bolehkah saya ikut?
• Indonesian (formal) = Ke mana kamu akan pergi dengan sepeda itu? Bolehkah/boleh saya ikut?
• Indonesian (informal) = Lu mau naik sepada ke mana? Boleh ikut nggak?
• Minangkabau = Kau andak pai kama jo sapedo tu? Buliah ikuik indak?
• Palembang = Kau nak pergi ke mano ngan sepedo tu? Pacak melok dak?
• Terengganu = Mung nok gi mane naik basikal? Buleh ikut?
• Kelantan = Mu nok gi ma'no naik basika tuh? Buleh aku ikut?
• Penang = Hang nak pi mana naik basikal tu?Aku ikut boleh tak?
• Kedah = Hang nak pi mana naik gerek tu? Aku ikut buleh dak?
• Negeri Sembilan = Ekau nak poie mano naik basikal tu? Boleh den ikut?
• Brunei = Kamana kau babasikal ah? Bulih ku turut?
• Sarawak = Ke sine kitak maok make basikal? boleh sik kamik ngekot?
• Sabah = Mana ko mo pigi sama itu beskal? Buli sia ikut ka?"
• Singapore = Ke mana awak hendak pergi dengan basikal itu? Boleh saya ikut?

Phonology

Note: this article uses the orthography of Malaysian Malay. For Indonesian orthography, see Indonesian language.

Orthographic Note:

• The combination of /ŋg/ is represented as ngg.

There are two vowels represented by the letter "e", i.e. /e, ɛ/ and /ə/. Learners of Malay are expected to distinguish between the two sounds while learning each new word.

In some parts of Peninsular Malaysia, especially in the central and southern regions, most words which end with the letter a tend to be pronounced as /ə/.

Grammar

Word Formation

Malay is an agglutinative language, and new words are formed by three methods. New words can be created by attaching affixes onto a root word (affixation), formation of a compound word (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words (reduplication).

Affixes

Root words are either nouns or verbs, which can be affixed to derive new words, e.g. masak (to cook) yields memasak (cooks, is cooking, etc.), memasakkan (cooks, is cooking for etc.), dimasak (cooked - passive) as well as pemasak (cook - person), masakan (cooking, cookery). Many initial consonants undergo mutation when prefixes are added: e.g. sapu (sweep) becomes penyapu (broom); panggil (to call) becomes memanggil (calls, is calling, etc.), tapis (sieve) becomes menapis (sieves, is sieving, etc.)

Other examples of the use of affixes to change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word ajar (teach):

• ajar = teach
• ajaran = teachings
• belajar = to learn
• mengajar = to teach
• diajar = being taught (intransitive)
• diajarkan = being taught (transitive)
• mempelajari = to study
• dipelajari = being studied
• pelajar = student
• pengajar = teacher
• pelajaran = subject
• pengajaran = lesson, moral of story
• pembelajaran = learning
• terajar = taught (accidentally)
• terpelajar = well-educated
• berpelajaran = is educated

There are four types of affixes, namely prefixes (awalan), suffixes (akhiran), circumfixes (apitan) and infixes (sisipan). These affixes are categorised into noun affixes, verb affixes, and adjective affixes.

Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to root words. The following are examples of noun affixes:

(N) and (R) indicate that if a word begins with certain letters (most often vowels or consonants k, p, s, t), the letter will either be omitted or will undergo nasal mutation or be replaced by the letter l.

Similarly, verb affixes are attached to root words to form verbs. In Malay, there are:

Adjective affixes are attached to root words to form adjectives:

In addition to these affixes, Malay also has a lot of borrowed affixes from other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example maha-, pasca-, eka-, bi-, anti-, pro- etc.

Compound word

In Malay, new words can be formed by joining two or more root words. Compound words, when they exist freely in a sentence, are often written separately. Compound words are only attached to each other when they are bound by circumfix or when they are already considered as stable words.

For example, the word kereta which means car and api which means fire, are compounded to form a new word kereta api (train). Similarly, ambil alih (take over) is formed using the root words ambil (take) and alih (move), but will link together when a circumfix is attached to it, i.e. pengambilalihan (takeover). Certain stable words, such as kakitangan (personnel), and kerjasama (corporation), are spelled as one word even when they exist freely in sentences.

Reduplication

There are four types of words reduplication in Malay, namely

• Full reduplication
• Partial reduplication
• Rhythmic reduplication
• Reduplication of meaning

Measure words

Another distinguishing feature of Malay is its use of measure words (penjodoh bilangan). In this way, it is similar to many other languages of Asia, including Chinese, Vietnamese, Burmese, and Bengali.

Measure words cannot be translated into English. Examples are :

Part of Speech

In Malay, there are 4 parts of speech:

• Nouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Function words

Function words

There are 16 types of function words in Malay which perform a grammatical function in a sentence. ⁵ Amongst these are conjunctions, interjections, prepositions, negations and determiners.

Negations

There are two negation words in Malay, that is bukan and tidak. Bukan is used to negate noun phrases and prepositions in a predicate, whereas tidak is used to negate verbs and adjectives phrases in a predicate.

The negative word bukan however, can be used before verb phrases and adjective phrases if the sentence shows contradictions.

Grammatical gender

Malay does not make use of grammatical gender, and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for he and she or for his and her. Most of the words that refer to people (family terms, professions, etc.) have a form that does not distinguish between the sexes. For example, adik can both refer to a younger sibling of either sex. In order to specify the natural gender of a noun, an adjective has to be added: adik laki-laki corresponds to "brother" but really means "male younger sibling". There are some words that are gendered, for instance puteri means "princess", and putera means "prince"; words like these are usually absorbed from other languages (in these cases, from Sanskrit).

Pluralization

Plurals are often expressed by means of reduplication, but only when the plural is not implied in the context. For example, the plural of 'cawan', which means "cup", would be 'cawan-cawan'. This can be shortened to 'cecawan', but this only applies to a limited number of words. Reduplication to mark pluralization is often in complementary distribution with numeral markers, for example "one thousand cups" would be 'seribu cawan' and not 'seribu cawan-cawan'.

Verbs

Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as sudah, "already". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and denote active and passive voices or intentional and accidental moods. Some of these affixes are ignored in daily conversations.

Word order

The basic word order is Subject Verb Object. Adjectives, demonstrative pronouns and possessive pronouns follow the noun they describe.

Borrowed words

The Malay language has many words borrowed from Arabic (mainly religious terms), Sanskrit, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, certain Chinese dialects and more recently, English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). Some examples follow:

• abjad - alphabet/alefbet (from Arabic abjad)
• ahli - community (from Arabic ahlil)
• agama - religion (from Sanskrit agama)
• aksi - action (from Dutch actie)
• almari - cupboard (from Latin armarium)
• anggur - grape (from Persian انگور/angur)
• askar - soldier (from Persian عسکر /askar )
• bahasa - language (from Sanskrit bhāshā)
• bandar - port (from Persian بندر/bandr)
• bangku - stool (from Portuguese banco)
• bas - bus (from English)
• bendera - flag (from Portuguese bandeira)
• biara - monastery (from Javanese derived from Bihara in Sanskrit or Pali)
• bihun - rice vermicelli (from Hokkien bi-hun)
• biola - violin (from Portuguese viola)
• biskut or biskuit - biscuit (from English)
• bomba - fire brigade (from Portuguese bomba, "pump", or bombeiro, "fireman", lit. "pumper")
• boneka - doll (from Portuguese boneca)
• buat - do (from Sanskrit wuat)
• buku - book (from Dutch boek)
• bumi - earth (from Sanskrit bhumi or from Sanskirtam "buumi")
• cawan - cup (from Mandarin cháwǎn)
• dakwah - sermon (from Arabic da'wah)
• dekan - dean (from Portuguese decano)
• dewan - hall (from Persian دیوان/diwan "administration")
• duka - sadness (from Sanskrit duhkha)
• dunia - world (from Arabic dunyā)
• falsafah - philosophy (from Arabic falsafah)
• gandum - wheat (from Persian گندمGandm)
• garpu - fork (from Portuguese garfo)
• gereja - church (from Portuguese igreja)
• gratis - for free (from Portuguese)
• guru - teacher (from Sanskrit)
• had - limit (from Arabic hadd)
• halal -permitted (from Arabic)
• haram - forbidden (from Arabic)
• hisab - counting/arithmetic (from Persian حساب /hisāb, Arabic hasabba)
• huruf - word character/letter (from Arabic ḥurūf)
• ilmu - knowledge/science (from Persian and Arabic alm/ilmi)
• jawab - to answer (from Arabic jawāb)
• jendela - window (from Portuguese janela)
• Khamis - Thursday (Arabic al-khamis)
• kamus - dictionary (from Arabic qāmūs)
• kaunter - counter or desk (from English)
• keju - cheese (from Portuguese queijo)
• kemeja - shirt (from Portuguese camisa)
• kepala - head (from Sanskrit kapala "skull")
• kereta - carriage, car (from Portuguese carreta)
• komputer - computer (from English)
• kongsi - share (from Hokkien kong-si 公司)
• korban - sacrifice (from Arabic Qur-ban)
• kuda - horse (from Sanskrit)
• kuih - cake (from Hokkien 粿)
• kurma - date (from Persian خرما/Khurma)
• limau - lemon/orange (from Portuguese limão "lemon")
• lobak - carrot (from Cantonese 蘿蔔)
• longkang - drain (from Hokkien流失)
• maaf - sorry (from Arabic Ma3fu)
• maha - great (from Sanskrit)
• makmal - laboratory Arabic
• mangga - mango (from English or Portuguese )
• manusia - human being (from Sanskrit manuṣya)
• masjid - mosque ( (from Arabic masjid)
• mentega - butter (from Portuguese manteiga)
• mee/mi - noodles (from Hokkien miᴺ)
• meja - table (from Portuguese mesa)
• muflis - bankrupt (from Arabic muflis)
• miskin - poor (via Arabic miskiin from Persian Miskin
• najis - excrement (from Arabic)
• nama - name (from Sanskrit naam)
• neraka - hell (from Sanskrit naraka)
• nujum - astrologer (from Arabic al-nujum)
• nanas/nenas - pineapple (from Portuguese or Arabic ananás)
• nusantara - archipelago (esp. the Malay Archipelago) (from Javanese)
• paderi - priest (Christian) (from Portuguese padre)
• pahlawan - hero/warrior (from Persian پ‍ﮩ‍لوان /pahlawān)
• perpustakaan - library (base word "pustaka" is the Sanskrit word for "book")
• pau - bun (from Hokkien pau 包)
• pesta - party (from Portuguese festa)
• pita - tape (from Portuguese fita)
• puasa - fasting (from Sanskrit "upavasa")
• putera - prince (from Sanskrit putra "son")
• purba - ancient (from Sanskrit "purva/poorv" meaning past)
• raja - king (from Sanskrit rāja)
• roda - wheel (from Portuguese roda)
• rokok - cigarette (from Dutch roken "to smoke")
• roti - bread (from Sanskrit roṭi)
• sabun - soap (from Arabic) sàbuun
• sains - science (from English)
• sama - same (from Sanskrit)
• salji - snow (from Arabic thalji)
• sama-sama - together (derived from loanword sama through reduplication)
• sekolah - school (from Portuguese escola)
• seks - sex (from English)
• selamat - safe, well-being (from Arabic salamat, used for greeting phrases as 'selamat pagi', etc)
• sengsara - suffering (from Sanskrit saṃsara)
• sepatu - shoe (from Portuguese sapato)
• singa - lion (from Sanskrit)
• soldadu - soldier (from Portuguese soldado)
• syariah - Islamic law (from Arabic shāri`ah)
• syukur - thankful (from Arabic shukr)
• syurga - heaven (from Sanskrit swargam)⁶
• sistem - system (from English)
• suka - happiness (from Sanskrit sukha)
• tali - string (from Sanskrit)
• tangki - tank (from Portuguese tanque)
• tauhu - beancurd (from Hokkien tao-hu)
• tarikh - date (from Arabic tārīkh)
• teh - tea (from Hokkien tɛ)
• teksi - taxi (from English taxi)
• teko - teapot (from Hokkien tɛ-ko)
• televisyen - television (from English)
• topi - hat (from Sanskrit toppi)
• tuala - towel (from Portuguese toalha)
• tukar - to exchange (from Portuguese trocar)
• unta - camel (from Sanskrit ushtra)
• utara - north (from Sanskrit uttara)
• warna - colour (from Sanskrit varnam)
• waktu - time (from Arabic waqt)
• wanita - women (from Spanish Juanita)
• zirafah - giraffe (from Arabic zirāfah)

There are some Malay words which are spelled exactly the same as the English word e.g. hospital.

Some Malay words have been borrowed into English. See the list of words of Malay origin at Wiktionary, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sister project.

Malay has also heavily influenced the forms of colloquial English spoken in Malaysia (Manglish).

Some simple phrases in Malay

In Malaysia, to greet somebody with "Selamat pagi" or "Selamat sejahtera" would be considered very formal, and the borrowed word "Hi" would be more usual among friends; similarly "Bye-bye" is often used when taking one's leave.

Colloquial and contemporary usage

Contemporary usage of Malay includes a set of slang words, formed by innovations of standard Malay words or incorporated from other languages, spoken by the urban speech community, which may not be familiar to the older generation, e.g. awek (girl); balak (guy); usha (survey); skodeng (peep); cun (pretty); poyo/slenge (horrible, low-quality) etc. New plural pronouns have also been formed out of the original pronouns and the word orang ("people"), i.e. kitorang (kita + orang, the exclusive "we", in place of kami); korang (kau + orang, "you"); diorang or derang (dia + orang, "they").

The Malay-speaking community, especially in Kuala Lumpur, also code-switch between English and Malay in their speech, forming Bahasa Rojak. Examples of the borrowings are: Bestlah tempat ni (This place is cool);kau ni terror lah (How daring you are; you're fabulous). Consequently, this phenomenon has raised the displeasure of language purists in Malaysia, in their effort to uphold the proper use of the national language.

The following are some contractions used by Malay-speaking youths:

Dictionary

There are many, different Malay dictionaries. In Malaysia, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) dictionary is the chief arbiter for the language, and is considered the authority in defining Malay usage. Some other dictionaries are:

• Kamus Dewan (Institute Dictionary)
• Kamus Pelajar (Student Dictionary)
• Kamus Oxford (Oxford Dictionary)
• Kamus Besar (Big Dictionary)

See also

• The list of Malay words and list of words of Malay origin at Wiktionary, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project
• Jawi, an adapted Arabic alphabet for Malay
• Kamus Dewan, one of the best selling Malay language dictionaries in Malaysia.
• Indonesian language
• Differences between Malay and Indonesian
• Minangkabau language
• Malay-based creole languages
• Manado Malay
• Malaysian English, English language used formally in Malaysia.
• Rojak language
• Swadesh list of Malay words
• Hamzah Fansuri, a famous Malay poet
• Language politics
• List of English words of Malay origin

References

External links

Malay language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Malay language repository of Wikisource, the free library

• The Extent of the Influence of Tamil on the Malay Language: A Comparative Study - Dr. T.Wignesan
• Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)
• Ethnologue report for Malay
• Malay - English Online Dictionary (Dr Bhanot's)
• Malay - English Online Dictionary (from Malay to English only) from Webster's Dictionary
• Malay - Chinese Online Dictionary (ekamus)
• Malay - English - Chinese Online Dictionary (cari.com.my)
• The Malay Spelling Reform, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp.9-13 later designated J11)